Metadata: Identification_Information: Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Mosier, Dan L. Originator: Berger, Vladimir I. Originator: Singer, Donald A. Publication_Date: 2009 Title: Volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits of the world: Database and grade and tonnage models Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: map Series_Information: Series_Name: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report Issue_Identification: 2009-1034 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Menlo Park, California Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20091034 Online_Linkage: https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2009/1034/ Description: Abstract: Information on 1,090 volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS) deposits from around the world. Deposits included here must be associated with submarine volcanic rocks in a sequence of volcanic and sedimentary rocks. These volcanic rocks may include lava flows, pyroclastics, or volcaniclastic rocks; however, it is not required that they be the only host rocks of the deposit. Purpose: Grade and tonnage models are useful in quantitative mineral-resource assessments. The models and database presented in this report are an update of earlier publications about volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS) deposits. These VMS deposits include what were formerly classified as kuroko, Cyprus, and Besshi deposits. The update was necessary because of new information about some deposits, changes in information in some deposits, such as grades, tonnages, or ages, revised locations of some deposits, and reclassification of subtypes. In this report we have added new VMS deposits and removed a few incorrectly classified deposits. This global compilation of VMS deposits contains 1,090 deposits; however, it was not our intent to include every known deposit in the world. The data was recently used for mineral-deposit density models (Mosier and others, 2007; Singer, 2008). In this paper, 867 deposits were used to construct revised grade and tonnage models. Our new models are based on a reclassification of deposits based on host lithologies: Felsic, Bimodal-Mafic, and Mafic volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits. Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Single_Date/Time: Calendar_Date: 2009 Currentness_Reference: publication date Status: Progress: Complete Maintenance_and_Update_Frequency: None planned Spatial_Domain: Bounding_Coordinates: West_Bounding_Coordinate: -157.210000 East_Bounding_Coordinate: 179.958333 North_Bounding_Coordinate: 73.040556 South_Bounding_Coordinate: -54.858333 Keywords: Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: Alexandria Digital Library Feature Type Thesaurus Theme_Keyword: mineral deposit areas Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: General glossary for mineral resources spatial data Theme_Keyword: FileMaker Theme_Keyword: Microsoft Excel format Theme_Keyword: tab-delimited text Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: USGS Thesaurus Theme_Keyword: economic geology Theme_Keyword: geospatial datasets Theme_Keyword: mineral resources Theme_Keyword: ore formation Theme_Keyword: mineral deposits Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: ISO 19115 Topic Category Theme_Keyword: geoscientificInformation Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: none Theme_Keyword: volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: ISO 19115 Topic Categories Theme_Keyword: geoscientificInformation Access_Constraints: none Use_Constraints: none Point_of_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Person_Primary: Contact_Person: Dan L Mosier Contact_Organization: USGS WR SW GD Contact_Position: Geologist Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing address Address: 345 Middlefield Road$Mail Stop 901 City: Menlo Park State_or_Province: CA Postal_Code: 94025 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: 650-329-5050 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 650-329-5491 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: mosier@usgs.gov Browse_Graphic: Browse_Graphic_File_Name: https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2009/1034/images/coverthb.jpg Browse_Graphic_File_Description: Small map image depicting the entire data set, 446x277 pixels, 72k bytes Browse_Graphic_File_Type: JPEG Data_Set_Credit: We are grateful for the reviews and comments by Dennis Cox and Randy Koski. We thank I.S. Goldberg and Cynthia Dusel-Bacon for information, the USGS library staff, particularly Anna Tellez, Susie Bravos, Tammy Huang, and Jon DeBord, for help with library materials, Barry Moring for suggestions on GIS files, and Michael Diggles for help with the Internet files. We are grateful for the text edits by Tracey Suzuki, Jim Hendley, and Jane Ciener. Data_Quality_Information: Logical_Consistency_Report: Rules for the selection of source data to be included in this compilation are given in the source report. In particular, all mineralized rock within 500 meters was combined into one deposit in this compilation, even if the source references use several different names for rock bodies that are within this distance. The 500-meter rule was developed to insure that deposits in grade and tonnage models correspond to deposits as geologic entities rather than introduce variation due to commercial concerns into the scientific analysis of each deposit. Additional considerations, such as those involving specific lithologies reported at each location, were used to classify the volcanic host rocks of these deposits. The details of these decision rules are included in the text of the source report. Completeness_Report: The compilation includes all deposits described in the source references for which sufficient descriptive information was available. Some deposits thought by some investigators to be VMS deposits were excluded from this compilation when there were uncertainties with the assumed metamorphic protoliths, or when they were classified by other investigators as sedimentary exhalative deposits. Lineage: Source_Information: Source_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Mosier, Dan L. Originator: Berger, Vladimir I. Originator: Singer, Donald A. Publication_Date: 2009 Title: Volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits of the world: Database and grade and tonnage models Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: map Series_Information: Series_Name: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report Issue_Identification: 2009-1034 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Menlo Park, California Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20091034 Online_Linkage: https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2009/1034/ Type_of_Source_Media: Digital spreadsheet data Source_Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Single_Date/Time: Calendar_Date: 2009 Source_Currentness_Reference: publication date Source_Citation_Abbreviation: USGS OFR-2009-1034 Source_Contribution: Digital files from which the SQL database was derived. Process_Step: Process_Description: Compilation of these data from original reference sources given in the records for each deposit, including mineral resource studies and geologic maps. Statistical analysis of the grade and tonnage models and development of the classification of these types of deposits. This step was carried out by the authors. Process_Date: 2009 Source_Produced_Citation_Abbreviation: USGS OFR-2009-1034 Process_Step: Process_Description: Parsing of the data from spreadsheets provided in the published report, separation of one-to-many field values into associative tables, conversion of this information into a SQL database, creating this metadata record. 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Name of the country where the deposit occurs. Textual values of no more than 18 characters. Attribute_Definition_Source: this dataset Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: Unabbreviated text Attribute: Attribute_Label: stprov Attribute_Definition: State or province. Name of the state or province where the deposit occurs. Textual values of no more than 30 characters. Attribute_Definition_Source: this dataset Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: (no value) Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Information not available for this record. 192 records have no value for stprov. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: this dataset Attribute: Attribute_Label: latdeg Attribute_Definition: Latitude (degrees). Degrees latitude, south negative. Integer values. Int of width 3. 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Attribute_Definition_Source: this dataset Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: (no value) Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Information not available for this record. 1 records have no value for lonsec. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: this dataset Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: -59 Range_Domain_Maximum: 59 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: seconds Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 1 Attribute: Attribute_Label: longitude Attribute_Definition: Longitude. Longitude in decimal degrees, west negative, WGS84. Real numbers stored in double precision. Attribute_Definition_Source: this dataset Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: -157.21 Range_Domain_Maximum: 179.958333333333 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: degrees Attribute: Attribute_Label: dep_type Attribute_Definition: Deposit type. Type of deposit: Felsic; Bimodal-Mafic; or Mafic. These VMS-deposit types were adopted on the basis of simplicity of use, greater relevance to map units, and our grade and tonnage models. The three VMS-deposit types are compared to previous VMS-classification schemes in table 1 of the report. The felsic type deposits are hosted in a dominantly felsic to intermediate volcanic sequence and includes those formerly classified as kuroko-type deposits (Singer, 1986b; Singer and Mosier, 1986b). This type includes deposits hosted in a continuous felsic to intermediate volcanic sequence, a bimodal-felsic volcanic sequence, or a siliciclastic-felsic volcanic sequence. The bimodal-mafic type deposits are hosted in a dominantly mafic (andesite to basalt) volcanic sequence associated with greater than 10 percent felsic (rhyolite to rhyodacite) volcanic units. Dacite or andesite rocks are either rare or absent. This deposit type includes kuroko-type (Singer, 1986b; Singer, and Mosier, 1986b), Noranda-type (Morton and Franklin, 1987; MacGeehan and MacLean, 1980), and Urals-type (Prokin and Buslaev, 1999) deposits of previous classifications. The mafic type deposits are hosted in a dominantly mafic (andesitic basalt to basalt) volcanic sequence; some are associated with gabbro, diabase, and ultramafic rocks of more complete ophiolite sequences. Felsic rocks are rare or absent. This deposit type include the Cyprus-type and Besshi-type deposits (Cox, 1986; Singer, 1986a; Singer, 1986c; Singer and Mosier, 1986a). In a few cases, it was not possible to classify a deposit for lack of crucial information, such as the composition of volcanic rocks or the proportions of felsic and mafic volcanic rocks in bimodal volcanic sequences. Textual values of no more than 13 characters. Attribute_Definition_Source: this dataset Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: (no value) Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Information not available for this record. 1 records have no value for dep_type. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: this dataset Attribute: Attribute_Label: disc_date Attribute_Definition: Discovery date. Date the deposit was discovered, if this is known. Textual values of no more than 13 characters. Attribute_Definition_Source: this dataset Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: (no value) Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Information not available for this record. 166 records have no value for disc_date. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: this dataset Attribute: Attribute_Label: start_date Attribute_Definition: Startup date. Start date of mining or production if known. B.C. years are negative numbers and A.D. years are positive numbers. Textual values of no more than 13 characters. Attribute_Definition_Source: this dataset Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: (no value) Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Information not available for this record. 472 records have no value for start_date. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: this dataset Attribute: Attribute_Label: tonnage Attribute_Definition: Tonnage. Total amount of ore in millions of metric tons (tonnes) based on the total production, reserves, and resources at the lowest possible cutoff grade. Real numbers stored in double precision. Attribute_Definition_Source: this dataset Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: (no value) Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Information not available for this record. 222 records have no value for tonnage. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: this dataset Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 0.01 Range_Domain_Maximum: 469 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: tonnes Attribute: Attribute_Label: cu_grade Attribute_Definition: Copper grade. Percentage of copper in the ore. Real numbers stored in double precision. Attribute_Definition_Source: this dataset Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: (no value) Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Information not available for this record. 222 records have no value for cu_grade. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: this dataset Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 0 Range_Domain_Maximum: 10.2 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: weight percent Attribute: Attribute_Label: zn_grade Attribute_Definition: Zinc grade. Percentage of zinc in the ore. Real numbers stored in double precision. Attribute_Definition_Source: this dataset Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: (no value) Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Information not available for this record. 222 records have no value for zn_grade. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: this dataset Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 0 Range_Domain_Maximum: 25.1 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: weight percent Attribute: Attribute_Label: pb_grade Attribute_Definition: Lead grade. Percentage of lead in the ore. Real numbers stored in double precision. Attribute_Definition_Source: this dataset Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: (no value) Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Information not available for this record. 222 records have no value for pb_grade. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: this dataset Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 0 Range_Domain_Maximum: 16 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: weight percent Attribute: Attribute_Label: au_grade Attribute_Definition: Gold grade. Grams of gold per metric ton of ore. Real numbers stored in double precision. Attribute_Definition_Source: this dataset Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: (no value) Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Information not available for this record. 222 records have no value for au_grade. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: this dataset Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 0 Range_Domain_Maximum: 34 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: g/T Attribute: Attribute_Label: ag_grade Attribute_Definition: Silver grade. Grams of silver per metric ton of ore. Real numbers stored in double precision. Attribute_Definition_Source: this dataset Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: (no value) Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Information not available for this record. 222 records have no value for ag_grade. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: this dataset Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 0 Range_Domain_Maximum: 785 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: g/T Attribute: Attribute_Label: stringer Attribute_Definition: Stringer zone?. Presence or absence of small offshoot veins of ore material. Textual values of no more than 3 characters. Attribute_Definition_Source: this dataset Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: (no value) Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Information not available for this record. 275 records have no value for stringer. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: this dataset Attribute: Attribute_Label: comments Attribute_Definition: Comments. Supplementary information about incompletely explored deposits, as well as grades of additional elements, such as S, Ba, Pt, Pd, Cd, Se, and others when available. Textual values of no more than 849 characters. Attribute_Definition_Source: this dataset Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: (no value) Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Information not available for this record. 17 records have no value for comments. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: this dataset Attribute: Attribute_Label: age_dep Attribute_Definition: Age of deposit. Formal division of geologic time during which the deposit formed. Textual values of no more than 45 characters. Attribute_Definition_Source: this dataset Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: (no value) Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Information not available for this record. 3 records have no value for age_dep. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: this dataset Attribute: Attribute_Label: age_my Attribute_Definition: Age (m.y.). Absolute age reported in millions of years before the present based on reported absolute (typically zircon geothermometry or isotope geochronology) ages or midpoints of geologic time-scale units (Remane, 1998). Textual values of no more than 5 characters. Attribute_Definition_Source: this dataset Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: (no value) Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Information not available for this record. 3 records have no value for age_my. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: this dataset Attribute: Attribute_Label: ore_area Attribute_Definition: Area of deposit. Area of the deposit in square kilometers. Textual values of no more than 8 characters. Attribute_Definition_Source: this dataset Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: (no value) Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Information not available for this record. 964 records have no value for ore_area. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: this dataset Attribute: Attribute_Label: ore_a Attribute_Definition: Orebody A-axis. Major axis of the orebody in km. Textual values of no more than 6 characters. Attribute_Definition_Source: this dataset Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: (no value) Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Information not available for this record. 553 records have no value for ore_a. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: this dataset Attribute: Attribute_Label: ore_b Attribute_Definition: Orebody B-axis. Minor axis of the orebody in km. Textual values of no more than 6 characters. Attribute_Definition_Source: this dataset Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: (no value) Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Information not available for this record. 583 records have no value for ore_b. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: this dataset Attribute: Attribute_Label: alter_area Attribute_Definition: Area of alteration. Area of the alteration zone in square kilometers. Textual values of no more than 8 characters. Attribute_Definition_Source: this dataset Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: (no value) Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Information not available for this record. 1078 records have no value for alter_area. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: this dataset Attribute: Attribute_Label: alter_a Attribute_Definition: Alteration zone A-axis. Major axis of the alteration zone in km. Textual values of no more than 5 characters. Attribute_Definition_Source: this dataset Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: (no value) Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Information not available for this record. 1024 records have no value for alter_a. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: this dataset Attribute: Attribute_Label: alter_b Attribute_Definition: Alteration zone B-axis. Minor axis of the alteration zone in km. Textual values of no more than 5 characters. Attribute_Definition_Source: this dataset Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: (no value) Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Information not available for this record. 1026 records have no value for alter_b. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: this dataset Attribute: Attribute_Label: geochem Attribute_Definition: Geochemical anomaly. Short description of the chemical elements whose values are anomalous, may include the type of material in which those anomalies were found. Textual values of no more than 625 characters. Attribute_Definition_Source: this dataset Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: (no value) Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Information not available for this record. 1008 records have no value for geochem. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: this dataset Attribute: Attribute_Label: geochem_a Attribute_Definition: Geochem anomaly A-axis. Major axis of the geochemical anomaly in km. Textual values of no more than 4 characters. Attribute_Definition_Source: this dataset Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: (no value) Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Information not available for this record. 1067 records have no value for geochem_a. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: this dataset Attribute: Attribute_Label: geochem_b Attribute_Definition: Geochem anomaly B-axis. Minor axis of the geochemical anomaly in km. Textual values of no more than 4 characters. Attribute_Definition_Source: this dataset Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: (no value) Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Information not available for this record. 1067 records have no value for geochem_b. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: this dataset Attribute: Attribute_Label: geophys Attribute_Definition: Geophysical anomaly. Short description of the geophysical attribute whose value is anomalous, may include method of determining the anomaly. Textual values of no more than 302 characters. Attribute_Definition_Source: this dataset Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: (no value) Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Information not available for this record. 1047 records have no value for geophys. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: this dataset Attribute: Attribute_Label: geophys_a Attribute_Definition: Geophys anomaly A-axis. Major axis of the geophysical anomaly in km. Textual values of no more than 5 characters. Attribute_Definition_Source: this dataset Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: (no value) Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Information not available for this record. 1062 records have no value for geophys_a. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: this dataset Attribute: Attribute_Label: geophys_b Attribute_Definition: Geophys anomaly B-axis. Minor axis of the geophysical anomaly in km. Textual values of no more than 4 characters. Attribute_Definition_Source: this dataset Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: (no value) Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Information not available for this record. 1064 records have no value for geophys_b. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: this dataset Attribute: Attribute_Label: cover Attribute_Definition: Deposit cover (m). Deposit cover provides information about the thickness of the covering material. A zero value indicates that the ore deposit, including gossan outcrops, is exposed at the surface. A value greater than zero depicts the thickness of the material covering the deposit. Deposit cover values may also include the water depth for deposits hidden beneath a lake, such as at Chisel Lake, Manitoba, Canada. No value indicates that no information is available for this field. Textual values of no more than 4 characters. Attribute_Definition_Source: this dataset Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: (no value) Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Information not available for this record. 441 records have no value for cover. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: this dataset Attribute: Attribute_Label: lithotect Attribute_Definition: Lithotectonic setting. A classification of the deposit using one or more of eight lithostratigraphic associations in tectonic settings. When the lithotectonic setting was undetermined, it was coded as 'Unclassified.' The lithotectonic settings are defined as follows: 1. Siliciclastic-felsic in a mature epicontinental arc. Found in epicontinental backarc settings, the stratigraphy consists of continent-derived sedimentary rocks (~80%) and felsic volcaniclastic rocks, with minor flows domes, and their intrusive equivalents (~25%), mafic (tholeiitic to alkaline) flows, sills, and minor volcaniclastic rocks (~10%). Mafic volcanic rocks and argillaceous and chemical sedimentary rocks are typically in the hanging wall. 2. Bimodal-felsic in an epicontinental arc. Found in rifted continental margins and incipient (suprasubduction related) arcs, the stratigraphy consists of submarine felsic volcanic rocks (35-70%), basalt (20-50%), and terrigenous sedimentary strata (~10%). 3. Bimodal-felsic in an oceanic arc. Found in oceanic backarc rifts, the stratigraphy consists of submarine felsic volcanic rocks (50-70%), mafic volcanic rocks (20-50%), and sedimentary rocks (up to 30%). 4. Bimodal-mafic in an epicontinental arc. Found in epicontinental backarc settings, the stratigraphy is dominated by mafic volcanic rocks (pillowed and massive basaltic flows and pyroclastic rocks), with minor felsic volcanic rocks (flows, pyroclastic rocks, domes) and volcaniclastic rocks (<25%), and subordinate terrigenous sedimentary rocks. 5. Bimodal-mafic in an oceanic arc. Found in incipient-rifted arcs above intraoceanic subduction zones. The stratigraphy is dominated by basalt pillowed and massive flows and volcaniclastic rocks with minor felsic flows, volcaniclastic rocks, and domes (<25%), and subordinate terrigenous sedimentary rocks. 6. Mafic in a primitive oceanic backarc. This stratigraphy includes mature intraoceanic backarcs and transform fault settings, dominated by MORB-boninitic and tholeiitic successions of pillowed and massive basalt flows, minor felsic flows and domes, including subvolcanic plagiogranite and icelandite, minor ultramafic flows and intrusions, synvolcanic mafic dikes and sills (up to 50%), and prominent altered mafic synvolcanic intrusions. Sedimentary rocks are minor (<10). Less common is alkaline basalt (locally bimodal) in oceanic island or late-stage continental backarc seamount environments. 7. Mafic in a midoceanic ridge. The stratigraphy consists of dominantly massive and pillowed basalt flows associated with synvolcanic mafic dikes or sills, ultramafic flows, and intrusions, typically part of an ophiolite sequence. Felsic volcanic and sedimentary rocks are rare (<5%). This mafic setting is distinguished from the primitive oceanic backarc setting by the absence of an associated arc. 8. Pelite-mafic in a mature oceanic backarc. This stratigraphy includes mature oceanic backarc and sediment-covered midoceanic ridge and transform fault settings. The stratigraphy consists of basalt and pelite, in equal proportions, to pelite-dominated successions, with mafic sills (up to 25%), felsic flows, sills, domes, and volcaniclastics (<5% or absent), and carbonaceous argillite with subordinate siltstone, wacke, and sandstone. Because of the difficulty of recognizing the specific lithotectonic setting for each of the VMS deposits in this report, the lithotectonic setting classification should be viewed as preliminary. Many of the volcanic belts have not been sufficiently investigated to determine whether they were formed in an epicontinental (sialic) or an oceanic (ensimatic) environment. Furthermore, the tectonic settings of some belts are not in agreement among investigators, such as at Joma, Norway (Stephens and others, 1984). Lithogeochemical data, particularly for the rare earth elements, are not available for many volcanic rocks that would allow classification of paleotectonic environments using element-ratio discriminant diagrams. Textual values of no more than 72 characters. Attribute_Definition_Source: this dataset Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: (no value) Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Information not available for this record. 1 records have no value for lithotect. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: this dataset Attribute: Attribute_Label: postmindef Attribute_Definition: Post-mineralization deformation. Post-mineral deformation includes such actions on the ore deposit as folding, displacement, and shearing. Textual values of no more than 3 characters. Attribute_Definition_Source: this dataset Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: (no value) Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Information not available for this record. 188 records have no value for postmindef. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: this dataset Attribute: Attribute_Label: meta_grade Attribute_Definition: Metamorphic grade. The grade of regional metamorphism and, where intrusions are present, the nature of contact-hydrothermal effects. In some cases, diagnostic metamorphic minerals and contact temperature and pressure are given. Textual values of no more than 282 characters. Attribute_Definition_Source: this dataset Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: (no value) Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Information not available for this record. 289 records have no value for meta_grade. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: this dataset Attribute: Attribute_Label: synminint Attribute_Definition: Intrusion during mineralization. The presence of subvolcanic or plutonic intrusive bodies that were emplaced at the time of mineralization. Textual values of no more than 3 characters. Attribute_Definition_Source: this dataset Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: (no value) Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Information not available for this record. 365 records have no value for synminint. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: this dataset Attribute: Attribute_Label: postminint Attribute_Definition: Post-mineralization intrusion. The presence of subvolcanic or plutonic intrusive bodies that were emplaced after mineralization. Textual values of no more than 3 characters. Attribute_Definition_Source: this dataset Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: (no value) Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Information not available for this record. 317 records have no value for postminint. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: this dataset Attribute: Attribute_Label: syndepctrl Attribute_Definition: Syndeposition controls. Structural controls on mineralization. 'Stratigraphic' is used for stratabound or stratiform deposits that occur mostly within a single lithostratigraphic unit. 'Rock contact' is used for ore deposits that occur either at the contact between two different rock layers or with a discordant rock body, such as a dome or an intrusion. Other terms in this field are recorded as initially reported. Textual values of no more than 100 characters. Attribute_Definition_Source: this dataset Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: (no value) Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Information not available for this record. 209 records have no value for syndepctrl. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: this dataset Detailed_Description: Entity_Type: Entity_Type_Label: mineral Entity_Type_Definition: Minerals forming the deposit Entity_Type_Definition_Source: this dataset Attribute: Attribute_Label: rec_id Attribute_Definition: Record ID. Unique identifying number for the record, links to related rows in other tables. Integer values. Int of width 4. Attribute_Definition_Source: this dataset Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 571 Range_Domain_Maximum: 1713 Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 1 Attribute: Attribute_Label: value Attribute_Definition: Mineralogy. Reported minerals listed in alphabetical order. We attempted to tabulate specific mineral names when available, but, in some cases, when specific minerals were not reported, group names were included, such as 'carbonates' or 'sulfosalts.' Most ubiquitous rock forming minerals, such as feldspar, calcite, and quartz, are not included. Native metals are reported with just their element names, such as gold, silver, bismuth, and platinum. For consistency, attempts were made to eliminate synonyms, such as covelline, black jack, niccolite, which were replaced by covellite, sphalerite, nickeline, respectively. Some solid solution series, such as 'tennantitetetrahedrite,' were entered as separate mineral end members of the series, such as 'tennantite, tetrahedrite'. Chemical formulas were included for some unnamed species or rarer minerals. Because of the varied levels of reporting mineralogy, most of the deposits in this report display an incomplete list of minerals. Textual values of no more than 63 characters. Attribute_Definition_Source: this dataset Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: Single textual names. Detailed_Description: Entity_Type: Entity_Type_Label: host_rock Entity_Type_Definition: Rocks in direct contact with the ore deposit. Entity_Type_Definition_Source: this dataset Attribute: Attribute_Label: rec_id Attribute_Definition: Record ID. Unique identifying number for the record, links to related rows in other tables. Integer values. Int of width 4. Attribute_Definition_Source: this dataset Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 571 Range_Domain_Maximum: 1713 Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 1 Attribute: Attribute_Label: value Attribute_Definition: Host rocks. Rocks that are in direct contact with the ore deposit. Facies associations in the same horizon are indicated by rock names connected by hyphens. The rocks listed are those that occur in the stratigraphic column immediately around the VMS deposit. Some rocks that are important in exploration for VMS deposits, such as exhalite beds (for example, chert, jasperoid, or siliceous bed), may not have been recorded if they were not recognized by the investigators. Attribute_Definition_Source: this dataset Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: Textual values of no more than 124 characters. Detailed_Description: Entity_Type: Entity_Type_Label: rocks_up Entity_Type_Definition: Rocks that stratigraphically overlie the ore deposit. When available, we list the stratigraphic order of rock units from top to bottom, with given or measured thicknesses of rock units shown in parentheses. Facies associations in the same horizon are indicated by rock names connected by hyphens. The rocks listed are those that occur in the stratigraphic column immediately around the VMS deposit. Some rocks that are important in exploration for VMS deposits, such as exhalite beds (for example, chert, jasperoid, or siliceous bed), may not have been recorded if they were not recognized by the investigators. Entity_Type_Definition_Source: this dataset Attribute: Attribute_Label: rec_id Attribute_Definition: Record ID. Unique identifying number for the record, links to related rows in other tables. Integer values. Int of width 4. Attribute_Definition_Source: this dataset Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 571 Range_Domain_Maximum: 1713 Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 1 Attribute: Attribute_Label: value Attribute_Definition: Rocks overlying ore. Rocks that stratigraphically overlie the ore deposit. When available, we list the stratigraphic order of rock units from top to bottom, with given or measured thicknesses of rock units shown in parentheses. Facies associations in the same horizon are indicated by rock names connected by hyphens. The rocks listed are those that occur in the stratigraphic column immediately around the VMS deposit. Some rocks that are important in exploration for VMS deposits, such as exhalite beds (for example, chert, jasperoid, or siliceous bed), may not have been recorded if they were not recognized by the investigators. Attribute_Definition_Source: this dataset Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: Textual values of no more than 171 characters. Detailed_Description: Entity_Type: Entity_Type_Label: rocks_down Entity_Type_Definition: Rocks that stratigraphically underlie the ore deposit. When available, we list the stratigraphic order of rock units from top to bottom, with given or measured thicknesses of rock units shown in parentheses. Facies associations in the same horizon are indicated by rock names connected by hyphens. The rocks listed are those that occur in the stratigraphic column immediately around the VMS deposit. Some rocks that are important in exploration for VMS deposits, such as exhalite beds (for example, chert, jasperoid, or siliceous bed), may not have been recorded if they were not recognized by the investigators. Entity_Type_Definition_Source: this dataset Attribute: Attribute_Label: rec_id Attribute_Definition: Record ID. Unique identifying number for the record, links to related rows in other tables. Integer values. Int of width 4. Attribute_Definition_Source: this dataset Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 571 Range_Domain_Maximum: 1713 Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 1 Attribute: Attribute_Label: value Attribute_Definition: Rocks underlying ore. Rocks that stratigraphically underlie the ore deposit. When available, we list the stratigraphic order of rock units from top to bottom, with given or measured thicknesses of rock units shown in parentheses. Facies associations in the same horizon are indicated by rock names connected by hyphens. The rocks listed are those that occur in the stratigraphic column immediately around the VMS deposit. Some rocks that are important in exploration for VMS deposits, such as exhalite beds (for example, chert, jasperoid, or siliceous bed), may not have been recorded if they were not recognized by the investigators. Attribute_Definition_Source: this dataset Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: Textual values of no more than 129 characters. Detailed_Description: Entity_Type: Entity_Type_Label: rocks_5km Entity_Type_Definition: Rocks on a regional map found within 5 kilometers of the deposit. When available, the ages of the associated rocks are added to the field. Entity_Type_Definition_Source: this dataset Attribute: Attribute_Label: rec_id Attribute_Definition: Record ID. Unique identifying number for the record, links to related rows in other tables. Integer values. Int of width 4. Attribute_Definition_Source: this dataset Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 571 Range_Domain_Maximum: 1713 Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 1 Attribute: Attribute_Label: value Attribute_Definition: Rocks within 5km. Rocks on a regional map found within 5 kilometers of the deposit. When available, the ages of the associated rocks are added to the field. Attribute_Definition_Source: this dataset Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: Textual values of no more than 101 characters. Detailed_Description: Entity_Type: Entity_Type_Label: dep_5km Entity_Type_Definition: Deposit types that occur within 5 kilometers of the deposit. In many situations, these spatially related deposits are merely occurrences and not economic mineral deposits. The deposit type is designated using the model number and name listed in USGS Bulletins 1693 (Cox and Singer, 1986) and 2004 (Bliss, 1992). Entity_Type_Definition_Source: this dataset Attribute: Attribute_Label: rec_id Attribute_Definition: Record ID. Unique identifying number for the record, links to related rows in other tables. Integer values. Int of width 4. Attribute_Definition_Source: this dataset Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 571 Range_Domain_Maximum: 1713 Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 1 Attribute: Attribute_Label: value Attribute_Definition: Deposit types within 5km. Deposit types that occur within 5 kilometers of the deposit. In many situations, these spatially related deposits are merely occurrences and not economic mineral deposits. The deposit type is designated using the model number and name listed in USGS Bulletins 1693 (Cox and Singer, 1986) and 2004 (Bliss, 1992). Attribute_Definition_Source: this dataset Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: Textual values of no more than 38 characters. Detailed_Description: Entity_Type: Entity_Type_Label: dep_10km Entity_Type_Definition: Deposit types that occur within 10 kilometers of the deposit. In many situations, these spatially related deposits are merely occurrences and not economic mineral deposits. The deposit type is designated using the model number and name listed in USGS Bulletins 1693 (Cox and Singer, 1986) and 2004 (Bliss, 1992). Entity_Type_Definition_Source: this dataset Attribute: Attribute_Label: rec_id Attribute_Definition: Record ID. Unique identifying number for the record, links to related rows in other tables. Integer values. Int of width 4. Attribute_Definition_Source: this dataset Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 571 Range_Domain_Maximum: 1713 Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 1 Attribute: Attribute_Label: value Attribute_Definition: Deposit types within 10km. Deposit types that occur within 10 kilometers of the deposit. In many situations, these spatially related deposits are merely occurrences and not economic mineral deposits. The deposit type is designated using the model number and name listed in USGS Bulletins 1693 (Cox and Singer, 1986) and 2004 (Bliss, 1992). Attribute_Definition_Source: this dataset Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: Textual values of no more than 44 characters. Detailed_Description: Entity_Type: Entity_Type_Label: reference Entity_Type_Definition: Papers, web sites, and unpublished sources that provided data for the deposit Entity_Type_Definition_Source: this dataset Attribute: Attribute_Label: rec_id Attribute_Definition: Record ID. Unique identifying number for the record, links to related rows in other tables. Integer values. Int of width 4. Attribute_Definition_Source: this dataset Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 571 Range_Domain_Maximum: 1713 Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 1 Attribute: Attribute_Label: value Attribute_Definition: References. Papers, web sites, and unpublished sources that provided data for the deposit. Attribute_Definition_Source: this dataset Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: Textual values of no more than 570 characters. Distribution_Information: Distributor: Contact_Information: Contact_Person_Primary: Contact_Person: Peter N Schweitzer Contact_Organization: USGS Geology, Energy, and Minerals Science Center Contact_Position: Geologist Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing address Address: 12201 Sunrise Valley Drive City: Reston State_or_Province: VA Postal_Code: 20192-0002 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: 703-648-6533 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 703-648-6252 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: pschweitzer@usgs.gov Resource_Description: USGS Open-File Report 2009-1034 Distribution_Liability: This report is preliminary and has not been reviewed for conformity with U.S. Geological Survey editorial standards (or with the North American Stratigraphic Code). Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Standard_Order_Process: Digital_Form: Digital_Transfer_Information: Format_Name: FileMaker Pro Format_Version_Number: 7 Format_Information_Content: Deposit locations and characteristics File_Decompression_Technique: unzip Transfer_Size: 3.8 Digital_Transfer_Option: Online_Option: Computer_Contact_Information: Network_Address: Network_Resource_Name: https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2009/1034/of2009-1034_data.zip Digital_Form: Digital_Transfer_Information: Format_Name: Delimited text Format_Information_Content: Deposit locations and characteristics File_Decompression_Technique: unzip Digital_Transfer_Option: Online_Option: Computer_Contact_Information: Network_Address: Network_Resource_Name: https://mrdata.usgs.gov/vms/ Digital_Form: Digital_Transfer_Information: Format_Name: KML Format_Version_Number: 2.2 Format_Information_Content: Deposit locations and characteristics Digital_Transfer_Option: Online_Option: Computer_Contact_Information: Network_Address: Network_Resource_Name: https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2009/1034/VMS.kml Digital_Form: Digital_Transfer_Information: Format_Name: Shapefile Format_Version_Number: 1.0 Format_Information_Content: Deposit locations and characteristics File_Decompression_Technique: unzip Digital_Transfer_Option: Online_Option: Computer_Contact_Information: Network_Address: Network_Resource_Name: https://mrdata.usgs.gov/vms/vms.zip Digital_Form: Digital_Transfer_Information: Format_Name: CSV Format_Version_Number: 1.0 Format_Information_Content: Deposit locations and characteristics File_Decompression_Technique: unzip Digital_Transfer_Option: Online_Option: Computer_Contact_Information: Network_Address: Network_Resource_Name: https://mrdata.usgs.gov/vms/vms-csv.zip Digital_Form: Digital_Transfer_Information: Format_Name: OGC WMS Format_Version_Number: 1.3.0 Format_Information_Content: Deposit locations and characteristics Digital_Transfer_Option: Online_Option: Computer_Contact_Information: Network_Address: Network_Resource_Name: https://mrdata.usgs.gov/services/vms?request=getcapabilities&service=WMS&version=1.0.0& Digital_Form: Digital_Transfer_Information: Format_Name: OGC WFS Format_Version_Number: 1.0.0 Format_Information_Content: Deposit locations and characteristics Digital_Transfer_Option: Online_Option: Computer_Contact_Information: Network_Address: Network_Resource_Name: https://mrdata.usgs.gov/wfs/vms?request=getcapabilities&service=WFS&version=1.0.0& Fees: none Metadata_Reference_Information: Metadata_Date: 20210210 Metadata_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Person_Primary: Contact_Person: Peter N Schweitzer Contact_Organization: USGS Geology, Energy, and Minerals Science Center Contact_Position: Geologist Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing address Address: 12201 Sunrise Valley Drive City: Reston State_or_Province: VA Postal_Code: 20192-0002 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: 703-648-6533 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 703-648-6252 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: pschweitzer@usgs.gov Metadata_Standard_Name: Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata Metadata_Standard_Version: FGDC-STD-1998-001 Metadata_Language: en