TITLE: In-situ tower greenhouse gas data (The Pennsylvania State University) PROJECT: Indianapolis Flux Experiment (INFLUX) DATES: 2011 - current ABSTRACT: The Indianapolis Flux Experiment (INFLUX) was designed to develop and evaluate methods for the measurement and modeling of greenhouse gas fluxes from urban environments. Determination of greenhouse gas fluxes and uncertainty bounds is essential for the evaluation of the effectiveness of mitigation strategies. The INFLUX observation network included twelve in-situ tower-based, continuous measurements of CO2, CO, and CH4 (although not all species were measured at all sites), flask sampling of 14CO2 and other trace gases, and periodic aircraft sampling of greenhouse gases and meteorological conditions. A total carbon column observing network (TCCON) column remote sensing station was deployed Aug - Dec 2012. Four of the tower sites included eddy covariance and radiative flux measurements, and a scanning Doppler lidar was located near Site 02. The data from the towers, TCCON, and aircraft measurements were used in an inverse-modeling approach to yield estimates of the urban area flux at 1 km2 resolution. Very high space/time resolution estimates of fossil fuel carbon emissions for the city and its surroundings (from the Hestia project) were compared. CITATIONS: Richardson SJ, Miles NL, Davis KJ, Lauvaux T, Martins DK, Turnbull JC, et al. Tower measurement network of in-situ CO2, CH4, and CO in support of the Indianapolis FLUX (INFLUX) Experiment. Elem Sci Anth. 2017;5:59. http://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.140 Miles NL, Richardson SJ, Davis KJ, and Haupt BJ, 2017. In-situ tower atmospheric measurements of carbon dioxide, methane and carbon monoxide mole fraction for the Indianapolis Flux (INFLUX) project, Indianapolis, IN, USA. Data set. Available on-line [http://datacommons.psu.edu] from The Pennsylvania State University Data Commons, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA. http://doi.org/10.18113/D37G6P. COMMENTS: Measurements are made with Picarro Inc. wavelength-scanned cavity ring down spectroscopic instruments located at the base of communication towers. Depending on instrument repairs and availability, CH4 and CO may be reported, but all instruments report CO2. Hourly averages are reported, with the minimum and maximum time included in the average indicated. The standard deviation within the averaging window is also reported. All sites measuring CO are dried using a Nafion dryer. As of late May 2013, all sites are dried. A zero-offset correction was applied daily, using data collected from 1 or 2 tertiary standards traceable to the NOAA scale. Round robin tests using 3-4 NOAA-calibrated tanks were conducted every 1-2 years. For further details, see Richardson et al.(citation above). FAIR USE POLICY: We reserve the right to make corrections to the data based on scientific grounds, e.g., recalibration of standard gases or discovery of operational issues not known at the time of the release. If the data are obtained for potential use in a publication or presentation, kindly inform Penn State personnel (co2data@meteo.psu.edu) of the nature of this work. Thanks! FURTHER DETAILS: The files contained in: level1.zip level2.zip level3.zip level4.zip contain the calibrated CO2, CH4, and CO mole fractions, averaged to 1-hour segments. For more information on the tower sites, please see influx.psu.edu. ________________________ CALIBRATION UPDATE (03/29/2021): The measured mole fraction was converted from traceable to the WMO X2007 scale (CO2) to WMO X2019 scale (CO2), following Hall et al. (2020) using the linear function: X2019=1.00079 * X2007 - 0.142 (ppm) CITATION: Hall, B. D., Crotwell, A. M., Kitzis, D. R., Mefford, T., Miller, B. R., Schibig, M. F., & Tans, P. P. (2020). Revision of the WMO/GAW CO 2 calibration scale. Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Discussions, 1-33. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-2020-408 ________________________ NOTES: Based on very low CO2 compared to the other background sites, we were concerned about a possible near-surface leak at SITE 14 for the growing season of 2017. However, the pattern proved to be consistent in subsequent years and multiple tests revealed no evidence of a leak (see Miles et al., Carbon Balance and Management, 2021). SITE 10, SITE 02, and SITE 06 had short periods of values inconsistent with other sites. These are flagged in the hourly calibrated files as "9" - not recommended for use. *The above are the files that are recommended for use for most, if not all, applications.* COLUMN HEADERS: Location(Site number), Height (m AGL), Time (minimum fractional day of year of the measurement, GMT), Time(maximum fractional day of year of the measurement, GMT), Year, DOY(day of year), Hour(GMT), CO2(dry mole fraction, ppm), Standard_Deviation(during measurement, ppm), Instrument_CO2_Uncertainty(ppm), CH4(dry mole fraction, ppb), Standard_Deviation(during measurement, ppb), Instrument_CH4_Uncertainty(ppb), CO(dry mole fraction, ppb), Standard_Deviation(during measurement, ppb), Instrument_CO_Uncertainty(ppb), User Flag, H2O(percent). STANDARD DEVIATION: The atmospheric variability is characterized by the standard deviation during the reported measurement period. UNCERTAINTY: In lieu of a full assessment of the total uncertainty as it changes in time, the instrument uncertainty is characterized by the standard deviation of the reference gas error for a 31-day period (including 15 days prior to the measurement day and 15 days following the measurement day). For more details, please see Richardson SJ, Miles NL, Davis KJ, Lauvaux T, Martins DK, Turnbull JC, et al. Tower measurement network of in-situ CO2, CH4, and CO in support of the Indianapolis FLUX (INFLUX) Experiment. Elem Sci Anth. 2017;5:59. DOI:Â http://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.140 ******** The files in the directory "raw_data" are daily files from the instruments. There were multiple instruments/tanks used at each tower site. Please see influx.psu.edu. Each zip file, e.g., site-01-01.zip, contains a portion of the raw files for that site. These are in alphabetical order based on the instrument serial number, which because of multiple instruments being used at each site, may not be in chronological order. These are 1-3 second frequency, uncalibrated. Flags in the raw data files: 0 (top level), 1 (2nd from top level), 2 (3rd from top level), 4 (10-m AGL), 8 (reference tank), 16 (reference tank), 32 (reference tank). Most sites only measure one level and one tank. Below is a table of the tanks used at each site. Traceable to WMO CO2_X2007, WMO CO2_X2019 (converted using X2019=1.00079 * X2007 - 0.142 (ppm), Hall et al., 2020), WMO CH4_2004A, WMO CO_2014A. CO2(ppm) CO2(ppm) CO(ppb) CH4(ppb) X2007 X2019 SITE 1 CC309297 378.59 378.75 146.84 1789.44 SITE 1 CC310071 417.06 417.25 234.96 2460.51 SITE 1 LL120786 416.41 416.60 142.3 1964.3 SITE 2 CC310085 378.2 378.36 154.94 1797.88 SITE 2 CC310074 416.55 416.74 239.5 2495.6 SITE 2 CAO8077 411.65 411.83 148.4 1853.5 SITE 2 CC336384 395.78 395.95 144.47 1864.98 SITE 2 LL120795 422.02 422.21 162 2011.9 SITE 2 CB11958 416.54 416.73 205.1 2156.6 SITE 2 CC339522 421.83 422.02 155.8 1983.3 (excessive water vapor in tank) SITE 2 LL120784 409.98 410.16 119 2021.3 SITE 3 CC336768 395.96 396.13 148.4 N/A SITE 3 CC336636 395.54 395.71 149.15 N/A SITE 3 LL120790 424.17 424.36 142.4 2020.5 SITE 3 CB11903 404.29 404.47 154.1 2058.9 (excessive water vapor in tank) SITE 3 CB09923 383.62 383.78 183.47 1962.8 SITE 3 CB10734 397.03 397.20 135 1879.1 SITE 4 CA06418 418.46 418.65 N/A N/A SITE 4 CC105845 400.28 400.45 134.03 1889.7 SITE 5 CA08074 378.36 378.52 N/A 1809.1 SITE 5 CC336638 395.32 395.49 148.6 N/A SITE 6 CAO6292 394.5 394.67 N/A N/A SITE 6 CC336638 395.32 395.49 148.6 N/A SITE 6 CA08074 378.36 378.52 138.3 1809.1 SITE 6 LL120787 424.06 424.25 174.4 2025.1 SITE 6 CB11320 425.07 425.26 149.4 1988.6 (excessive water vapor in tank) SITE 7 CA08040 426.75 426.95 N/A 1855.4 SITE 7 CA05669 382.61 382.77 N/A N/A SITE 7 CB10077 433.17 433.37 N/A 2350.98 SITE 7 CB11888 420.62 420.81 145.2 1982.8 SITE 8 CC336749 396.17 396.34 N/A N/A SITE 8 CC114999 356.55 356.69 111.9 1678.8 SITE 8 CC336617 397.9 398.07 N/A 1869 SITE 8 CB11375 419.91 420.10 165.3 1973.2 (excessive water vapor in tank) SITE 8 CB11955 418.26 418.45 145.6 1966.2 SITE 9 CC336482 396.06 396.23 142.85 1864.9 SITE 9 CC336629 451.17 451.38 254.49 2117.14 SITE 10 CC342919 395.1 395.27 147.3 1858.92 SITE 10 CA08040 426.75 426.95 N/A 1855.4 SITE 11 CC336541 396.82 396.99 143.61 1868.5 SITE 11 CA06343 339.41 339.54 N/A N/A SITE 11 LL120791 411.27 411.45 172.6 1983.7 SITE 12 CA06292 394.5 394.67 N/A N/A SITE 13 CC339519 365.32 365.47 141.92 1714.57 SITE 13 LL120779 422.78 422.97 169.7 2008.1 SITE 13 CB11390 421.11 421.30 165.6 1972.1 (excessive water vapor in tank) SITE 13 CB10734 397.03 397.20 N/A 1879.1 SITE 14 CB11955 398.31 398.48 101.3 1877.2 SITE 14 LL120799 422.25 422.44 172.7 2016.1 SITE 14 LL120777 422.46 422.65 167.1 2013.7 (excessive water vapor in tank) SITE 14 LL120759 422.76 422.95 161.2 2016.9 SITE 15 CB11889 419.54 419.73 147 1985.7 Please contact co2data@meteo.psu.edu with any questions. Thanks!